## The Dynamical System Generated by the 3n+1 Function

Author: Günther J. Wirsching
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540696776
Category: Mathematics
Page: 164
View: 8538

The 3n+1 function T is defined by T(n)=n/2 for n even, and T(n)=(3n+1)/2 for n odd. The famous 3n+1 conjecture, which remains open, states that, for any starting number n>0, iterated application of T to n eventually produces 1. After a survey of theorems concerning the 3n+1 problem, the main focus of the book are 3n+1 predecessor sets. These are analyzed using, e.g., elementary number theory, combinatorics, asymptotic analysis, and abstract measure theory. The book is written for any mathematician interested in the 3n+1 problem, and in the wealth of mathematical ideas employed to attack it.

## Rational Number Theory in the 20th Century

From PNT to FLT
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0857295322
Category: Mathematics
Page: 654
View: 418

The last one hundred years have seen many important achievements in the classical part of number theory. After the proof of the Prime Number Theorem in 1896, a quick development of analytical tools led to the invention of various new methods, like Brun's sieve method and the circle method of Hardy, Littlewood and Ramanujan; developments in topics such as prime and additive number theory, and the solution of Fermat’s problem. Rational Number Theory in the 20th Century: From PNT to FLT offers a short survey of 20th century developments in classical number theory, documenting between the proof of the Prime Number Theorem and the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. The focus lays upon the part of number theory that deals with properties of integers and rational numbers. Chapters are divided into five time periods, which are then further divided into subject areas. With the introduction of each new topic, developments are followed through to the present day. This book will appeal to graduate researchers and student in number theory, however the presentation of main results without technicalities will make this accessible to anyone with an interest in the area.

## Infobiotics

Information in Biotic Systems
Author: Vincenzo Manca
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642362230
Category: Computers
Page: 384
View: 8028

The book presents topics in discrete biomathematics. Mathematics has been widely used in modeling biological phenomena. However, the molecular and discrete nature of basic life processes suggests that their logic follow principles that are intrinsically based on discrete and informational mechanisms. The ultimate reason of polymers, as key element of life, is directly based on the computational power of strings, and the intrinsic necessity of metabolism is related to the mathematical notion of multiset. The switch of the two roots of bioinformatics suggests a change of perspective. In bioinformatics, the biologists ask computer scientists to assist them in processing biological data. Conversely, in infobiotics mathematicians and computer scientists investigate principles and theories yielding new interpretation keys of biological phenomena. Life is too important to be investigated by biologists alone, and though computers are essential to process data from biological laboratories, many fundamental questions about life can be appropriately answered by a perspicacious intervention of mathematicians, computer scientists, and physicists, who will complement the work of chemists, biochemists, biologists, and medical investigators. The volume is organized in seven chapters. The first part is devoted to research topics (Discrete information and life, Strings and genomes, Algorithms and Biorhythms, Life Strategies), the second one to mathematical backgrounds (Numbers and Measures, Languages and Grammars, Combinations and Chances).

Proceedings of the Waterloo Workshop in Computer Algebra 2008
Author: Ilias S. Kotsireas,Eugene Zima
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783642035623
Category: Mathematics
Page: 174
View: 320

The Second Waterloo Workshop on Computer Algebra was dedicated to the 70th birthday of combinatorics pioneer Georgy Egorychev. This book of formally-refereed papers submitted after that workshop covers topics closely related to Egorychev’s influential works.

## The Ultimate Challenge

The 3x+1 Problem
Author: Jeffrey C. Lagarias
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
ISBN: 0821849409
Category: Mathematics
Page: 344
View: 5851

The $3x+1$ problem, or Collatz problem, concerns the following seemingly innocent arithmetic procedure applied to integers: If an integer $x$ is odd then multiply by three and add one'', while if it is even then divide by two''. The $3x+1$ problem asks whether, starting from any positive integer, repeating this procedure over and over will eventually reach the number 1. Despite its simple appearance, this problem is unsolved. Generalizations of the problem are known to be undecidable, and the problem itself is believed to be extraordinarily difficult. This book reports on what is known on this problem. It consists of a collection of papers, which can be read independently of each other. The book begins with two introductory papers, one giving an overview and current status, and the second giving history and basic results on the problem. These are followed by three survey papers on the problem, relating it to number theory and dynamical systems, to Markov chains and ergodic theory, and to logic and the theory of computation. The next paper presents results on probabilistic models for behavior of the iteration. This is followed by a paper giving the latest computational results on the problem, which verify its truth for $x 5.4 \cdot 10^{18}$. The book also reprints six early papers on the problem and related questions, by L. Collatz, J. H. Conway, H. S. M. Coxeter, C. J. Everett, and R. K. Guy, each with editorial commentary. The book concludes with an annotated bibliography of work on the problem up to the year 2000.

## Tutorials in Mathematical Biosciences

Mathematical modelling of calcium dynamics and signal transduction. II
Author: R. Bertram,James Sneyd
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9783540254393
Category: Mathematics
Page: 202
View: 1175

This book presents a series of models in the general area of cell physiology and signal transduction, with particular attention being paid to intracellular calcium dynamics, and the role played by calcium in a variety of cell types. Calcium plays a crucial role in cell physiology, and the study of its dynamics lends insight into many different cellular processes. In particular, calcium plays a central role in muscular contraction, olfactory transduction and synaptic communication, three of the topics to be addressed in detail in this book. In addition to the models, much of the underlying physiology is presented, so that readers may learn both the mathematics and the physiology, and see how the models are applied to specific biological questions. It is intended primarily as a graduate text or a research reference. It will serve as a concise and up-to-date introduction to all those who wish to learn about the state of calcium dynamics modeling, and how such models are applied to physiological questions.

## The Art of Random Walks

Author: Andras Telcs
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540330275
Category: Mathematics
Page: 195
View: 639

Einstein proved that the mean square displacement of Brownian motion is proportional to time. He also proved that the diffusion constant depends on the mass and on the conductivity (sometimes referred to Einstein’s relation). The main aim of this book is to reveal similar connections between the physical and geometric properties of space and diffusion. This is done in the context of random walks in the absence of algebraic structure, local or global spatial symmetry or self-similarity. The author studies the heat diffusion at this general level and discusses the following topics: The multiplicative Einstein relation, Isoperimetric inequalities, Heat kernel estimates Elliptic and parabolic Harnack inequality.

## Introduction to Symplectic Dirac Operators

Author: Katharina Habermann,Lutz Habermann
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3540334211
Category: Mathematics
Page: 125
View: 3724

This volume is the first one that gives a systematic and self-contained introduction to the theory of symplectic Dirac operators and reflects the current state of the subject. At the same time, it is intended to establish the idea that symplectic spin geometry and symplectic Dirac operators may give valuable tools in symplectic geometry and symplectic topology, which have become important fields and very active areas of mathematical research.

## Mathematical Reviews

Author: N.A
Publisher: N.A
ISBN: N.A
Category: Mathematics
Page: N.A
View: 6263

## Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems

Author: N.A
Publisher: N.A
ISBN: N.A
Category: Differentiable dynamical systems
Page: N.A
View: 2400

## Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete & Impulsive Systems

Mathematical analysis
Author: N.A
Publisher: N.A
ISBN: N.A
Category: Control theory
Page: N.A
View: 1957

## The American Mathematical Monthly

The Official Journal of the Mathematical Association of America
Author: N.A
Publisher: N.A
ISBN: N.A
Category: Mathematicians
Page: N.A
View: 3068

## Internet Imaging

Author: Giordano Bruno Beretta,Raimondo Schettini
Publisher: Society of Photo Optical
ISBN: N.A
Category: Computers
Page: N.A
View: 337

## The Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing

JCMCC.
Author: N.A
Publisher: N.A
ISBN: N.A
Category: Combinatorial analysis
Page: N.A
View: 496

## Acta Arithmetica

Author: N.A
Publisher: N.A
ISBN: N.A
Category: Mathematics
Page: N.A
View: 4703

## Tokyo Journal of Mathematics

Author: N.A
Publisher: N.A
ISBN: N.A
Category: Mathematics
Page: N.A
View: 4441

## Uniqueness and Non-Uniqueness of Semigroups Generated by Singular Diffusion Operators

Author: Andreas Eberle
Publisher: Springer Verlag
ISBN: N.A
Category: Mathematics
Page: 262
View: 8115

This volume constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of an international workshop on fuzzy logic in Artificial Intelligence held in Negoya, Japan during IJCAI '97. The 17 revised full papers presented have gone through two rounds of reviewing and revision. Three papers by leading authorities in the area are devoted to the general relevance of fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets to AI. The remaining papers address various relevant issues ranging from theory to application in areas like knowledge representation, induction, logic programming, robotics, pattern recognition, etc.

## In Memoriam Paul-André Meyer - Séminaire de Probabilités XXXIX

Author: Marc Yor,Michel Émery
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783540309949
Category: Mathematics
Page: 422
View: 5908

The 39th volume of Séminaire de Probabilités is a tribute to the memory of Paul André Meyer. His life and achievements are recalled in this book, and tributes are paid by his friends and colleagues. This volume also contains mathematical contributions to classical and quantum stochastic calculus, the theory of processes, martingales and their applications to mathematical finance and Brownian motion. These contributions provide an overview on the current trends of stochastic calculus.

## The British National Bibliography

Author: Arthur James Wells
Publisher: N.A
ISBN: N.A
Category: English literature
Page: N.A
View: 6037

## Derived equivalences for group rings

Author: Steffen König,Alexander Zimmermann
Publisher: Springer Verlag
ISBN: 9783540643111
Category: Mathematics
Page: 246
View: 4487

A self-contained introduction is given to J. Rickard's Morita theory for derived module categories and its recent applications in representation theory of finite groups. In particular, Broué's conjecture is discussed, giving a structural explanation for relations between the p-modular character table of a finite group and that of its "p-local structure". The book is addressed to researchers or graduate students and can serve as material for a seminar. It surveys the current state of the field, and it also provides a "user's guide" to derived equivalences and tilting complexes. Results and proofs are presented in the generality needed for group theoretic applications.